抗VEGF与地塞米松植入物联合治疗可减少黄斑中心厚度,但对视力无改善;皮质类固醇与抗VEGF联合治疗未显示出比抗VEGF单药治疗更多益处(Anti-VEGF + dexamethasone implant: Reduced central macular thickness, but no benefit for visual acuity in general; subgroup had better vision improvement;Corticosteroids vs. anti-VEGF: Corticosteroids have a higher risk of cataract and elevated IOP)
玻璃体切除术
对存在明显玻璃体黄斑牵引、弥漫性糖尿病黄斑水肿且对先前治疗无反应的患者,可能改善视力,但在随机临床试验中难以研究其价值(For DME with vitreomacular traction: May improve visual acuity in selected patients)
与传统激光光凝手术相比,微脉冲激光手术对黄斑损伤较小,但荟萃分析未发现两者在视力改善上有差异(Micropulse laser: Some suggest less macular damage, but no difference in visual acuity compared to conventional laser)
非甾体抗炎药
Cochrane系统评价未发现评估非甾体抗炎药用于糖尿病黄斑水肿的随机对照临床试验(No randomized controlled trials for DME)
增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变
正常或轻度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变:视网膜检查正常或有罕见微动脉瘤的患者应每年复查(Re-examination: Annually, as 5%-10% of patients without retinopathy will develop DR within 1 year)
轻度至中度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变无黄斑水肿:有视网膜微动脉瘤、偶尔的斑点状出血或硬性渗出的患者应在6至12个月内复查(Re-examination: Within 6-12 months, as disease progression is common;Progression rates: Vary by diabetes type and retinopathy severity)
重度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变和非高危增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变:全视网膜光凝可降低严重视力丧失风险,但可推迟至出现高危特征时进行(PRP: Reduces the risk of severe vision loss; deferral until high-risk characteristics develop is reasonable)
高危增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变:存在特定特征的患者应尽快接受全视网膜光凝;抗VEGF注射可作为替代治疗,但需谨慎考虑患者随访可靠性(Characteristics: Neovascularization, vitreous or preretinal hemorrhage;Treatment: PRP is the main treatment; anti-VEGF can be considered for reliable patients;Vitrectomy: Consider for patients with vitreous opacities, severe fibrovascular proliferation, or tractional retinal detachment)
试验:DRCR.net Protocol S: Ranibizumab similar to PRP at 2 years, with better visual and anatomic outcomes in some aspects;Other studies: Aflibercept 2mg similar to PRP; ranibizumab and ranibizumab + laser had good visual acuity improvement
疗效:Reduces the risk of progression to PDR and improves DR severity in some patients
成本效益:Anti-VEGF therapies for DME: Vary in cost-effectiveness compared to laser;Screening and treatment: Cost-effective in saving QALY for different diabetes types
差异:Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in eye examinations and DR development